Terms discussed: magic mushroom (pl. magic mushrooms)
Mushrooms will grow wherever there's a substrate for them. Given that popular substrates include leaf mulch, wood (living or dead) and any organic matter (leaf clippings, compost) in general, that's almost everywhere.
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As far as magic mushrooms are concerned, be aware that like any other type of mushroom, the population East of the Rockies is very different from that West of the Rockies (see How Many Mushrooms). All the popular/commercial species of magic mushroom are Western species, and none of them is known to occur in Illinois.
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