Pilát studied natural history at the Universitatis Carolinae in Prague, working for Velenovsky. He received his doctorate in 1926 and hung around the university until 1928, when he was apponted professor at the state agricultural school in Melnice. He held a variety of posts, eventually ending up in the botany department of the Prague National Museum, where he stayed until the end of his life.
Pilát wrote many popular and technical books, monographing the generaPleurotus, Crepidotus, Lentinus, and Agaricus, and publishing on the systematics of (at one time or another) all the holobasidiomycetes. He was also very interested in interactions between fungi and each other, and with the environment in general, publishing his Atlas of european mushrooms series, and his work on the ecological interactions the fungi.